Almost since the invention of the Electric Guitar, musicians have been using electronic devices to modify the sounds created by their instruments. These days there is a vast range of effects units available, both hardware and software based, which can create a dazzling array of sounds. Despite this, there are still a few core effects which continue to provide the staple diet of most guitar players.

Distortion

This effect relies on overloading the signal, so that the waveforms become distorted, or "clipped". This means that smooth sound waves become squarer, making the original clean guitar tone more "gritty" or "dirty". The effect was originally achieved by literally overloading guitar amplifier inputs, to an extent that the electronic components, usually valves, were unable to process the signal properly.

Delay

There are different types of delay pedal, ranging from the short "slap-back" delay popular in Rock & Roll and Rockabilly styles, to the longer "echo" delay favored by U2's guitarist "The Edge" (Dave Evans to his mates). The classic method of getting these results is to use a vintage Roland Space Echo.

Chorus

This effect is interesting because most non-musicians aren't even aware it exists, but in the 1980s it was all over just about everything! For one of the most famous examples, listen to anything by The Police from the late 70s/early 80s. Andy Summers used the effect on just about every track, and along with Sting's vocals and Stuart Copeland's idiosyncratic drumming, it formed part of The Police's trademark sound.

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